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LUNGS introduction T here are some needs of the body that must and should be fulfilled for its proper and optimum working. Bodies for their proper and normal functions require some materials from the external environment and oxygen is one of them. Oxygen is very crucial for the body as it is involved in many metabolic reactions of the body but the thing is that is not produced in the body and must be supplied from the outside environment. So the pathway that is responsible for the movement of this oxygen in the body is known by the name of respiratory system and in respiratory system there must be some organ at which all of the gaseous exchange must be taking place as it is not just enough to simply take oxygen in the body after taking in into the body it must be diffused into the blood so that it can reach its target site in the body and the structure in the body that is part of respiratory system and is responsible for this gaseous exchange goes by the name of lungs. In simple

URINARY BLADDER introduction    A fter the urine is formed in the kidneys  it is transferred from the kidneys by help of a pair of a ureter to a special organ which goes by the name of the urinary bladder where the urine is stored for sometime and thus ultimately removed from the body. You can also understand urinary bladder as it acts as a temporary store house for the urine. Urinary bladder is a hollow muscular and elastic organ. A normal urinary bladder can hold about 400 - 600 ml of urine before getting the urge to urinate this urge to urinate is under control in adults but it is not properly under-controlled in case of children or more precisely you can say toddlers the wall of the urinary bladder is normally about 3-5 mm thick but this value can vary a little bit when it is fulled by urine. In a case when the urine starts to accumulate more than a certain limit that is a expansion of the wall of the bladder that is able because of a series of ridges that is present in the

KIDNEY introduction T he bodies of living organism are very complex. In the bodies of living organism there are many organs and systems working simultaneously to sustain life and those various organs that are working in the body and as a result of their actions body can work these organs and various systems in the body carry out various process along the same time there are countless metabolic activities occurring in the body and as result of all these activities and cycles of the body various types of waste are produced that may be nitrogenous wastes metabolites urea ammonia or any other type of such waste and if they get accumulated in the body for some time they can be harmful for the body in many ways so they should be continuously removed from the body and for this purpose there is structure present in the body that goes by the name of kidney. These kidneys are responsible for the filtration of blood and removing these harmful waste from the blood and hence removing them fr